The Supreme Court of India has ruled that medical negligence claims can continue against a deceased doctor’s legal heirs, but only to the extent of assets inherited from the doctor.
In a case involving alleged negligent eye surgery, the court held that heirs can be impleaded in consumer disputes.
The court sent the matter back to NCDRC to decide on negligence and compensation.
The Supreme Court of India delivered a significant verdict in a recent case, ruling that a medical negligence claim does not simply end upon the death of the doctor. The apex court clarified that the legal heirs can be impleaded in an ongoing case of consumer dispute if the claim targets the estate of the deceased. The ruling challenges the common understanding that personal actions die with the person. The ruling made it clear that professional misconduct-related claims cannot simply be closed due to the mortality of the defendant or the passage of time. However, the court affirmed that personal liability of legal heirs is protected, and it is only the assets inherited by them from the deceased professional that remain subject to the financial consequences.
This matter began in 1990, following a surgery that resulted in a woman losing vision in her right eye. A complaint was filed in 1997 to seek compensation for medical expenses and the mental agony she faced. In 2003, a District Forum in Munger found the doctor negligent and awarded Rs 2.60 lakh compensation to the aggrieved. However, in 2005, the State Commissioner set aside the order, citing a lack of expert evidence and noting that the surgery was done to ease the patient’s pain. The legal battle moved on to the National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC). But, while the proceedings were still pending, the doctor passed away, leading to the impleadment of the doctor’s legal heirs.
The legal heir approached the Supreme Court, challenging their inclusion in the case. They argued that the complaint was personal in nature and should not continue after the death of the doctor, as per the legal principles. They contended that they should not be forced to defend themselves in a case that stems from the professional action of the deceased and not them. They argued that the liability for the misconduct should end with the passing of the deceased defendant.
The Supreme Court rejected the legal heirs’ arguments. It highlighted the Indian Succession Act, 1925, to clarify the distinction between purely personal claims and the claims affecting property or legal heirs’ inheritance. The bench comprising Justice J K Maheshwari and Justice Atul S Chandurkar emphasised that while the heirs are not personally liable, they cannot avoid proceedings when the claim is tied to inherited assets.
However, in this case, the court noted, “It is necessary to state that the question as to what claim can be attributed to the accretion of the deceased defendant’s estate needs to be carefully analysed by NCDRC as we have dealt only with the question of law.”
It further added that the claimant has to first prove negligence, stating, “It may be relevant to note that the Claimant has the duty to first establish the negligence of the deceased doctor and the claims on the estate recoverable as per Section 306 of the 1925 Act”.
The Supreme Court clarified the interpretation of the statutory framework. It held, “In view of the preceding discussion and the statutory framework provided in the 1986 Act as well as the 2019 Act, we conclude that upon the death of the alleged medically negligent doctor, his/her legal heirs can be impleaded and brought on record. Consequently, the extent of liability will be determined based on the pleadings and evidence presented”.
The court upheld the impleadment of the heirs and sent the matter back to the NCDRC to determine if negligence occurred, and if so, the financial liability was to be enforced against the doctor’s estate.
What Is Section 306 Of The Indian Succession Act, 1925?
Section 306 is about demands and rights of action of or against deceased survive to and against executor or administrator. According to the Section 306, “All demands whatsoever and all rights to prosecute or defend any action or special proceeding existing in favour of or against a person at the time of his decease, survive to and against his executors or administrators; except causes of action for defamation, assault, as defined in the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860) or other personal injuries not causing the death of the party; and except also cases where, after the death of the party, the relief sought could not be enjoyed or granting it would be nugatory.”
What Does Deficiency In Service Mean Under The Consumer Protection Act, 2019?
According to the 2019 Act, “deficiency means any fault, imperfection, shortcoming or inadequacy in the quality, nature and manner of performance which is required to be maintained by or under any law for the time being in force or has been undertaken to be performed by a person in pursuance of a contract or otherwise in relation to any service and includes— (i) any act of negligence or omission or commission by such person which causes loss or injury to the consumer; and (ii) deliberate withholding of relevant information by such person to the consumer.”
Where Can Consumers File Complaints For Deficiency In Service?
The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 provides for a three-tier quasi-judicial system at the district, state, and national levels, known as Consumer Commissions. These Commissions are tasked with protecting consumer rights and providing speedy redressal of consumer disputes. They can grant specific relief to consumers and award compensation wherever appropriate.
